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API Publication 2210 (1982, Reaffirmed 1986): Flame Arrestors for Vents of Tanks Storing Petroleum Products — Technical Guide
A comprehensive overview of the scope, technical requirements, and compliance considerations for API Publ 2210 in tank vapor control systems.
Introduction
API Publication 2210 (1982, Reaffirmed 1986) — commonly referred to as API Publ 2210 — provides guidelines for the selection, installation, operation, and maintenance of flame arrestors installed on the vents of tanks storing petroleum products. Although this document is a publication rather than a full consensus standard, it has been widely adopted as a de facto reference for flame arrestor application in the petroleum industry. This article examines the scope, technical requirements, implementation highlights, and compliance notes associated with API Publ 2210.
Scope of API Publ 2210
API Publ 2210 applies to flame arrestors used on open vents and venting devices of fixed-roof tanks (including atmospheric and low-pressure tanks) that contain flammable petroleum liquids. The publication addresses:
- Types of flame arrestors suitable for tank vent applications.
- Performance criteria for flame arrestors under normal and abnormal operating conditions.
- Guidance on material selection, pressure drop, and maintenance.
- Limitations of flame arrestors in preventing flame propagation.
It is important to note that API Publ 2210 does not cover flame arrestors for piping systems containing flammable gas mixtures, nor does it address the design of tank venting capacity (which is covered by API 2000).
Technical Requirements and Recommendations
Types of Flame Arrestors
API Publ 2210 classifies flame arrestors based on their intended service and construction. The three primary types discussed are:
- In-line flame arrestors – Installed directly in the vent piping;
- End-of-line flame arrestors – Mounted at the vent outlet;
- Detonation flame arrestors – Designed to withstand detonations and high-pressure events.
Performance Requirements
The publication requires that flame arrestors prevent flame transmission under specified test conditions. Key performance parameters include:
- Flame extinction capability – The arrestor must quench a flame front without allowing transmission.
- Pressure drop – Must remain within acceptable limits to avoid restricting tank venting.
- Endurance burn resistance – Ability to withstand a stabilized flame on the downstream side without damage.
- Temperature rise limits – The housing temperature should not exceed a safe level during extended flame exposure.
| Parameter | Recommended Criteria (API Publ 2210) | Typical Test Method |
|---|---|---|
| Flame Transmission Test | No flame transmission after 10 consecutive ignition attempts | ASTM E582 / UL 525 |
| Maximum Pressure Drop (clean) | ≤ 0.25 in. H₂O (62 Pa) at rated flow | Manufacturer’s data acceptance |
| Endurance Burn Duration | 15 minutes minimum without flame penetration | Internal test protocols |
| Materials of Construction | Corrosion-resistant alloys or protected steel for wetted parts | NACE MR0175 / API 2000 references |
Material and Design Considerations
API Publ 2210 emphasizes the importance of corrosion resistance and mechanical strength. Flame arrestor elements are typically made of stainless steel, Monel, or Hastelloy for extended service life. The housing should be designed to withstand expected thermal and mechanical loads. The publication also advises against the use of flame arrestors in applications where the gas stream may contain polymerizing or fouling substances that could block the arrestor elements.
Implementation Highlights
Best Practice: Always verify that the flame arrestor is approved for the specific vapor group and operating conditions of the tank. API Publ 2210 recommends consulting the manufacturer’s performance curves for pressure drop at actual flow rates.
When implementing API Publ 2210 guidelines, engineers and facility operators should:
- Perform a hazard analysis to determine the need for flame arrestors (e.g., tanks storing liquids with flash points below 100°F).
- Select flame arrestors that match the required flame path length and gap for the vapor group (e.g., Group IIA, IIB).
- Install the arrestor as close to the tank nozzle as practical to minimize the risk of flame acceleration in the vent line.
- Provide access for routine inspection and cleaning of the flame arrestor element.
- Establish a maintenance schedule per the manufacturer’s instructions and API Publ 2210 guidance (typically every 3–6 months for tanks in dirty service).
Warning: A flame arrestor is not a substitute for proper tank venting design. Always ensure that the vent capacity meets API 2000 requirements for emergency and normal venting. An undersized arrestor can cause excessive backpressure and compromise tank integrity.
Compliance and Regulatory Notes
While API Publ 2210 is a voluntary publication, its recommendations are often incorporated by reference in regulatory frameworks and insurance requirements. Important compliance aspects include:
- OSHA 29 CFR 1910.106 – Flammable liquids – May require flame arrestors on vents for certain tank configurations.
- NFPA 30 – Flammable and Combustible Liquids Code – References external standards for flame arrestor performance (e.g., UL 525).
- Local building and fire codes – Many jurisdictions mandate compliance with API 2210 or equivalent.
Tip: For installations that must comply with ATEX or IECEx schemes, ensure the flame arrestor is certified for the specific equipment category and gas group. API Publ 2210 does not provide ATEX certification but the performance principles are transferable.
Important: API Publ 2210 (1982) was reaffirmed in 1986 but has been technically superseded by later editions and by API 2210 (2000). However, many existing installations still reference the 1982 edition. Users should verify that any updated regulatory or company standards require the latest industry practice.
FAQs
Q: What is the difference between an end-of-line and an in-line flame arrestor as described in API Publ 2210?
A: End-of-line flame arrestors are mounted directly at the vent opening and are typically less expensive, but they offer less protection in the event of a detonation. In-line flame arrestors are installed in the vent piping and can be designed to withstand higher pressures and flow velocities, making them suitable for larger tanks or where detonation risks are higher.
A: End-of-line flame arrestors are mounted directly at the vent opening and are typically less expensive, but they offer less protection in the event of a detonation. In-line flame arrestors are installed in the vent piping and can be designed to withstand higher pressures and flow velocities, making them suitable for larger tanks or where detonation risks are higher.
Q: Does API Publ 2210 require periodic testing of flame arrestors?
A: The publication recommends regular inspection and cleaning but does not mandate re-testing of the flame arrestor element. However, many operators follow a maintenance interval every 6–12 months to ensure the element is free of deposits and corrosion. Any repair or replacement should follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
A: The publication recommends regular inspection and cleaning but does not mandate re-testing of the flame arrestor element. However, many operators follow a maintenance interval every 6–12 months to ensure the element is free of deposits and corrosion. Any repair or replacement should follow the manufacturer’s instructions.
Q: Can a flame arrestor designed per API Publ 2210 be used for tanks storing crude oil?
A: Yes, provided the crude oil vapor composition falls within the groups for which the arrestor is approved. Note that crude oil often contains heavier hydrocarbons and may produce gums or waxes that can clog the arrestor element. Close monitoring and frequent cleaning are essential in crude oil service.
A: Yes, provided the crude oil vapor composition falls within the groups for which the arrestor is approved. Note that crude oil often contains heavier hydrocarbons and may produce gums or waxes that can clog the arrestor element. Close monitoring and frequent cleaning are essential in crude oil service.