Plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) combine a combustion engine with a rechargeable battery. To meaningfully compare fuel economy and energy use across different driving patterns, the industry relies on utility factors (UFs). SAE J2841 defines these curves and calculation methods…

SAE J2844-2013 establishes the purity and container requirements for R-1234yf (HFO-1234yf) refrigerant used in mobile air-conditioning systems. This standard ensures that new refrigerant meets strict quality limits and that containers are clearly identified to prevent misapplication and enhance safety. Compliance…

SAE J2847/2 is a surface vehicle standard that defines the digital communication messages and protocols between plug-in electric vehicles (EVs) and off-board DC chargers. Revised in September 2023, this standard extends beyond conventional DC charging to support bidirectional energy transfer…

Overview of SAE J2838 SAE J2838 is a recommended practice that outlines test procedures, performance requirements, design guidelines, and installation guidelines for full adaptive forward lighting systems (AFS) in motor vehicles. This standard is derived from United Nations Regulation No.…

SAE J283 (originally issued in 1972 and reaffirmed until 2019) defines a standardized test procedure for measuring the hydraulic lift capacity of agricultural tractors equipped with a three-point hitch. Though the standard was cancelled in 2019, its methodology remains a…

SAE J2807 is a recommended practice that sets the benchmark for tow-vehicle performance and rating calculations. It ensures that passenger cars, multipurpose vehicles, and trucks up to 14,000 lbs GVWR have consistent and reliable trailering capabilities. This article delves into…

SAE J2809-2017 defines the proprietary serial data link protocol used for diagnostics on Honda Anti-lock Brake System (ABS) and Vehicle Stability Assist (VSA) ECUs. This standard is intended to be implemented alongside SAE J2534-2 to enable enhanced pass-thru programming and…

The Keyword Protocol 1281 (KWP1281) is a proprietary diagnostic communication protocol standardized in SAE J2818-2019. This SAE Information Report defines the protocol in enough detail to support implementation in an SAE J2534 interface device. KWP1281 is predominantly used in Volkswagen…

SAE J2766-2019 provides a recommended practice for estimating the total CO2-equivalent emissions from mobile air conditioning (MAC) systems over their entire life cycle. By integrating both direct refrigerant releases and indirect energy-related emissions, the standard enables engineers to evaluate the…

The SAE J2806-2024 recommended practice provides standardized procedures for off-vehicle testing of service brakes on vehicles with a gross vehicle weight (GVW) exceeding 10,000 pounds. It covers air, hydraulic, and mechanical actuation systems, establishing consistent methods to evaluate brake performance,…

The Single Edge Nibble Transmission (SENT) protocol, defined in SAE J2716-2016, is a robust digital communication standard widely used in automotive applications for transmitting sensor data such as pressure, position, and temperature. It enables high-speed data transfer over a single…

Overview and Purpose of SAE J2718 SAE J2718 is a recommended practice from SAE International that defines test procedures for determining the linear range longitudinal and lateral stiffness of a statically loaded, non-rotating tire. The standard covers two closely related…

SAE J2740 is an information report that defines the General Motors UART serial data communications protocol used in automotive networks. It outlines the system elements, communication timing, message formats, and error handling to ensure robust interoperability among electronic control units…

SAE J2669-2006 is a recommended practice that consolidates historic and current voltage regulation methods for 12 V automotive generator systems. It standardizes definitions and practices to reduce worldwide variation in how internal combustion engine vehicles control their electrical systems. The…

SAE J2684-2018 provides a standardized laboratory procedure for testing hydraulic service brakes on two-axle multipurpose passenger vehicles, trucks, and buses with a GVWR above 4,540 kg. Adapted from the full-vehicle FMVSS 105 test, this recommended practice enables engineers to assess…

SAE J2657-2019 provides comprehensive performance guidelines and test methods for Tire Pressure Monitoring Systems (TPMS) designed for light duty highway vehicles. This recommended practice focuses on systems that measure tire inflation pressure or a parameter that adequately correlates to pressure,…

SAE J266-2018 establishes consistent test procedures for quantifying the steady-state directional control behavior of passenger cars and light trucks (two axles). It defines measurements such as steering‑wheel angle gradient, sideslip angle gradient, roll angle gradient, and steering‑wheel torque gradient with…