PD ISO/TR Standards Single-File Series Overview · Batch 2 — A Compilation of 79 ISO Technical Reports (ISO/TR) and Their Technical Points

PD ISO/TR is the British standard publication formed when the UK adopts the Technical Report (TR) published by the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), published by BSI. ISO/TR is an informative document in the ISO standards system, used to provide background research, application guidance, summary of test results and technical explanations, and contains no mandatory clauses. This batch compiles 79 single-file PD ISO/TR standards covering space systems and debris mitigation, intelligent transport systems, nanotechnologies characterisation, welding and health safety, medical devices, risk management, sustainable communities and smart cities, natural gas and hydraulics, surface chemical analysis and hydrometry.

These technical reports provide important support for the application of full ISO standards (IS), helping engineers understand standard background, execute tests and improve practice. This article is organised into six parts: series overview, standard list, key technical requirements, representative standard interpretation, engineering practice and application, and frequently asked questions.

1. Series Overview 📌

ISO/TR technical reports are prepared by ISO technical committees to record technical research results, explain standard background, summarise test data or provide application recommendations. Compared with a full ISO standard, ISO/TR contains no mandatory requirements; its content is largely informative and reference-oriented, helping users correctly understand and implement ISO standards. The 79 technical reports in this batch are adopted and published by BSI as the PD ISO/TR series.

By content nature, this batch can be divided into: space types (debris mitigation design and operation guidelines, method of solar energetic proton fluences, orbit elements at payload-LV separation, debris mitigation manual for launch vehicle orbital stages), intelligent transport types (emergency evacuation and disaster response framework, web services for machine-machine delivery, ITS data harmonization, process-oriented methodology), nanotechnologies types (measurement technique matrix for characterisation of nano-objects, occupational exposure limits framework, characterisation of cellulose, ultrafine nanoparticle aerosol inhalation exposure), welding and surface types (guidelines for measurement of welding energies, risk assessment of welding fabrication, laser-induced damage threshold, Auger electron spectroscopy chemical state derivation), medical device types (guidance on the application of ISO 14971, medical devices utilising animal tissues, cardiopulmonary bypass gaseous microemboli, intraocular lens clinical investigation), risk and sustainability types (implementation of ISO 31000, sustainable community guidelines and resilience inventory, smart community infrastructure framework) and natural gas and hydraulic types (methane number calculation, supporting information on physical properties calculation, reliability assessment of hydraulic components).

This information-support-oriented positioning makes ISO/TR an important bridge connecting ISO standards with engineering practice.

2. Standard List and Technical Points 📋

3. Key Technical Requirements 🔧

In space, ISO/TR 18146 provides design and operation guidelines for space debris mitigation of spacecraft, ISO/TR 20590 provides a debris mitigation manual for launch vehicle orbital stages, and ISO/TR 18147 specifies a method for solar energetic proton fluences and peak fluxes, providing a technical basis for orbital design and debris mitigation of space missions.

In intelligent transport, ISO/TR 19083-1 specifies the framework and concept of operations for emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery, ISO/TR 24097-2 specifies web services for machine-machine delivery of ITS services, ISO/TR 25100 specifies harmonization of ITS data, and ISO/TR 26999 specifies the use of a process-oriented methodology in ITS standards.

In nanotechnologies, ISO/TR 18196 provides a measurement technique matrix for characterisation of nano-objects, ISO/TR 18637 overviews available frameworks for occupational exposure limits and bands for nano-objects, and ISO/TR 27628 specifies measurement of inhalation exposure to ultrafine, nanoparticle and nano-structured aerosols, providing a basis for safe management of nanomaterials.

In welding and surface, ISO/TR 18491 provides guidelines for measurement of welding energies, ISO/TR 18786 provides guidelines for risk assessment of welding fabrication, ISO/TR 23849 provides guidance on the application of ISO 13849-1 and IEC 62061 in the design of safety-related control systems for machinery, and ISO/TR 18394 specifies derivation of chemical states in Auger electron spectroscopy.

In risk management, ISO/TR 31004 provides guidance for the implementation of ISO 31000, ISO/TR 37152 specifies a common framework for development and operation of smart community infrastructures, and ISO/TR 37121 inventories existing guidelines and approaches on sustainable development and resilience in cities.

4. Representative Standard Interpretations 🔍

PD ISO/TR 18146:2015 Space systems — Space debris mitigation design and operation guidelines for spacecraft

Scope: This technical report provides design and operation guidelines for space debris mitigation of spacecraft, used to reduce the risk of generating space debris during space missions.

Key points: The report specifies debris mitigation measures to be considered at the design stage of spacecraft, including passivation (depleting propellant and stored energy), de-orbit strategies, controlled re-entry and prevention of in-orbit break-up, and provides operational recommendations for the operation stage. Interfacing with space debris mitigation standards such as ISO 24113, the report provides a technical basis for space mission planning from design to end-of-life debris mitigation.

PD ISO/TR 19083-1:2016 Intelligent transport systems — Emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery — Part 1: Framework and concept of operation

Scope: This technical report specifies the framework and concept of operations for emergency evacuation and disaster response and recovery, used to guide the application of intelligent transport systems in disaster scenarios.

Key points: The report describes operational scenarios for emergency evacuation and disaster response, defines relevant actors, roles and information flows, and proposes a framework for traffic management, information dissemination and personnel evacuation coordination. It emphasises interfacing with ITS data exchange and operations centre systems, providing guidance for establishing a unified emergency transport concept of operations.

PD ISO/TR 18196:2016 Nanotechnologies — Measurement technique matrix for the characterization of nano-objects

Scope: This technical report provides a measurement technique matrix for characterisation of nano-objects, helping users select appropriate techniques for different measurement objectives.

Key points: The report systematically maps the measurement dimensions for nano-object characterisation (size, shape, chemical composition, surface properties, etc.) against available techniques (such as electron microscopy, atomic force microscopy, dynamic light scattering, X-ray diffraction and spectroscopy), and provides applicability, resolution capability and limitations for each technique. The matrix helps users select appropriate characterisation methods in nanomaterial R&D and conformity evaluation, ensuring comparability and reliability of results.

PD ISO/TR 24971:2013 Medical devices — Guidance on the application of ISO 14971

Scope: This technical report provides guidance on the application of ISO 14971 (medical device risk management), helping manufacturers implement medical device risk management.

Key points: The report explains in detail the risk analysis, risk evaluation, risk control and overall residual risk evaluation process of ISO 14971, provides methods for establishing risk acceptability criteria, collection and analysis of production and post-production information, and recommendations for preparing the risk management report. The report also provides differentiated implementation recommendations for medical devices of different risk levels, and is an important reference for manufacturers establishing risk management systems.

PD ISO/TR 31004:2013 Risk management — Guidance for the implementation of ISO 31000

Scope: This technical report provides guidance on implementing ISO 31000 (risk management principles and guidelines), helping organisations establish effective risk management frameworks and processes.

Key points: The report explains the implementation path of the ISO 31000 risk management principles, framework and process, provides recommendations on risk appetite setting, risk governance, risk assessment tool selection and risk management performance evaluation, and provides differentiated implementation methods for organisations of different sizes and types. The guidance helps organisations embed risk management into strategy, operations and governance, improving their ability to cope with uncertainty.

5. Engineering Practice and Application 🛠️

In space mission planning, ISO/TR 18146 and ISO/TR 20590 are used to develop debris mitigation plans for spacecraft and launch vehicles, meeting space debris mitigation compliance requirements.

In smart transport construction, ISO/TR 19083-1 is used to establish an operational framework for emergency evacuation and disaster response, improving the city’s ability to cope with emergencies.

In nanomaterial R&D, the measurement technique matrix of ISO/TR 18196 is used to select characterisation methods, ensuring comparability and reliability of nanomaterial performance evaluation.

In medical device development, ISO/TR 24971 is used to implement ISO 14971 risk management, supporting the risk management documentation for product registration.

In organisational risk management, ISO/TR 31004 is used to establish and improve risk management frameworks, supporting the implementation and performance evaluation of ISO 31000.

6. Frequently Asked Questions ❓